<h4><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/data_title.gif"width="486"height="120"alt="Asking an Expert in the Prevention, Disinfection and Sterilization of Infectious Diseases Risks of Infection and Measures Against Intestinal Infections (mainly norovirus) in Restrooms"/></h4>
<h4><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/data_title.png"width="486"height="120"alt="Asking an Expert in the Prevention, Disinfection and Sterilization of Infectious Diseases Risks of Infection and Measures Against Intestinal Infections (mainly norovirus) in Restrooms"/></h4>
<pclass="study03-1Cap">Dr. Shigeharu Oie<br/>
<pclass="study03-1Cap">Dr. Shigeharu Oie<br/>
Sanyo-Onoda City University, Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo Healthcare University, Guest Professor, Postgraduate School. FY2012 Chairman Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Environmental Infectious Diseases. Specializes in investigating the causes of nosocomial infection and hygiene management in hospitals. He is endeavoring to producing guidelines, etc., for administrative organizations such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare and has authored "Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization", "Book on Disinfection and Sterilization that can be used in Hospital Wards" and "How to choose and use disinfectants".</p>
Sanyo-Onoda City University, Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tokyo Healthcare University, Guest Professor, Postgraduate School. FY2012 Chairman Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Environmental Infectious Diseases. Specializes in investigating the causes of nosocomial infection and hygiene management in hospitals. He is involved in producing guidelines, etc., for administrative organizations such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare and has authored "Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization", "Book on Disinfection and Sterilization that can be used in Hospital Wards" and "How to choose and use disinfectants".</p>
<pclass="lead">When the season changes from autumn to winter, what stands out are the reports of outbreaks of "Norovirus". It is generally known that eating raw oysters is a primary source of infection; however, the cause of epidemics is school lunches, catered meals and other secondary infections during the preparation of meals. There are also repeated reports of infections between family members in bathrooms at home. We spoke with Dr. Shigeharu Oie, one of Japan's leading authorities in the prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases, regarding preventive measures.</p>
<pclass="lead">When the season changes from autumn to winter, what stands out are the reports of outbreaks of "Norovirus". It is generally known that eating raw oysters is a primary source of infection; however, the cause of epidemics is school lunches, catered meals and other secondary infections during the preparation of meals. There are also repeated reports of infections between family members in bathrooms at home. We spoke with Dr. Shigeharu Oie, one of Japan's leading authorities in the prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases, regarding preventive measures.</p>
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<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q1.</span><spanclass="q_text">What are the kinds of "intestinal infections" that many Japanese people suffer from? Please inform us about the major intestinal infections.</span></p>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q1.</span><spanclass="q_text">What are common "intestinal infections" that many Japanese people get? Please tell us about the major intestinal infections.</span></p>
<pclass="answer"><span>It is always a problem when living in groups and the norovirus is extremely common. Outbreaks can easily occur and it is especially prominent among intestinal infections.<br/>
<pclass="answer"><span>Norovirus is extremely common. Outbreaks can easily occur when living in groups and it is especially prominent among the causes of intestinal infections.<br/>
Every year in Japan, over 14,000 patients are reported, however, the symptoms are not serious and so there are some who do not seek medical treatment. Therefore the actual situation can be thought to be more than 10 times or even 100 times this number. Because there is no immunization, some people are infected multiple times.
Every year in Japan, more than 14,000 patients present with intestinal infections. However, not all symptoms are serious and thus not all people who are infected seek medical treatment. Therefore the actual number may be more than 10 times or even 100 times this number. Because there is no immunization, some people are infected multiple times.
<pclass="answer clear">The most common cause of infection in Japan is the habit of eating raw oysters. The reason for this being common between November and February is probably because of eating raw oysters during winter.</p>
<pclass="answer clear">The most common cause of infection in Japan is the habit of eating raw oysters. The reason for observing high infection rete between November and February is likely due to eating raw oysters during the winter.</p>
<pclass="answer">Academically, the norovirus is not limited to oysters and can be found concentrated in bivalves. Of course, cooking it will render them safe to eat and there are also oysters that can be eaten raw in the summer such as the summer oysters from the Sea of Japan. All causes of infection are not because of oysters.</p>
<pclass="answer">Norovirus can be found concentrated broadly in bivalves. Of course, cooking it will render them safe to eat and there are also oysters that can be eaten raw in the summer such as the summer oysters from the Sea of Japan. Causes of norovirus infection are not limited to any certain type of oysters.</p>
<pclass="answer">Becoming infected orally with norovirus will cause severe diarrhea, vomiting and much suffering; however, it will rarely be serious enough to cause death. It is basically similar to influenza and people will recover from it in 3 to 4 days.<br/>
<pclass="answer">Becoming infected with norovirus will cause severe diarrhea, vomiting and much suffering; however, it will rarely be serious enough to cause death. It is basically similar to influenza and people will recover from it in 3 to 4 days.<br/>
However, there have been cases where elderly persons have died after being infected. In most cases, the cause of death is not the infection itself but rather choking on matter from vomiting or from dehydration because of diarrhea. <br/>
However, there have been cases where elderly persons have died after being infected. In most cases, the cause of death is not the infection itself but rather choking on caused by vomiting or dehydration due to diarrhea. <br/>
Additionally, in recent years in Japan, what has increased is intestinal infections caused by Campylobacter. Infection is caused by eating half-cooked chicken, etc. When imported frozen chicken was examined, Campylobacter was detected in almost 70%. Therefore, you should make sure the chicken is appropriately cooked.
Additionally, in recent years in Japan, what has increased is intestinal infections caused by Campylobacter. Infection is caused by eating half-cooked chicken, etc. When imported frozen chicken was examined, Campylobacter was detected in almost 70%. Therefore, you should make sure the chicken is appropriately cooked.
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<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q2.</span><spanclass="q_text">Norovirus is prone to massive outbreaks. What is the mechanism that causes it to spread?</span></p>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q2.</span><spanclass="q_text">Norovirus is prone to massive outbreaks. What is the mechanism that causes it to spread?</span></p>
<pclass="answer"><span>A characteristic of norovirus is that it is very easily spread through oral infection. It is a highly contagious virus and the frequency of infection is also high. The infectivity of intestinal tract infections can be expressed as "infective dose(about how many will it take for an infection if taken orally)", for example, 1 million organisms for Salmonella Entertidis or 1 million viral particles for hepatitis A virus. On the other hand, norovirus infection will occur when 10 to 100 viral particles enter from the mouth. Incidentally, infection with the least amount of germs can occur with O-157 (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) and Shigella with as few as around 10 organisms.</span><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/ill02.gif"width="269"height="200"alt=""/></p>
<pclass="answer"><span>A characteristic of norovirus is that it is very easily spread through oral infection. It is a highly contagious virus and the frequency of infection is also high. The infectivity of intestinal tract infections can be expressed as "infective dose(about how many will it take for an infection if taken orally)", for example, 1 million organisms for Salmonella Entertidis or 1 million viral particles for hepatitis A virus. On the other hand, norovirus infection will occur when 10 to 100 viral particles enter from the mouth. Incidentally, infection with the least amount of germs can occur with O-157 (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) and Shigella with as few as around 10 organisms.</span><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/ill02.gif"width="269"height="200"alt=""/></p>
<pclass="answer clear">The norovirus is found in the small intestine of infected people and is detected in the stool and regurgitation (vomit). There are 10 million viral particles in the stool. The concentration is not as high in regurgitation (vomit) as in stool and is about 1 million viral particles. There are 100,000 viral particles even in 0.1 gram so it means that infection will occur even from trace amounts that cannot be seen.<br/>
<pclass="answer clear">The norovirus is found in the small intestine of infected people and is detected in the stool and regurgitation (vomit). There are 10 million viral particles in the stool. The concentration is not as high in regurgitation (vomit) compared to stool and is about 1 million viral particles. There are 100,000 viral particles even in 0.1 gram meaning that infection will occur even from trace amounts that cannot be seen.<br/>
The cause of infection spreading is often when food handlers (such as cooks) touch food with hands contaminated with stool or vomit and the norovirus enters the mouth from the food. In 2017, it was reported that a widespread infection of norovirus occurred from sliced laver in the school lunch. Genetic analysis revealed that after the laver manufacturer vomited, the sliced laver was manufactured without sufficiently washing hands and children who ate the laver about 3 months later, became infected. In this manner, it was confirmed that the norovirus can survive for very long periods of time even in a dry environment.<br/>
The cause of infection spreading is often when food handlers (such as cooks) touch the food with hands contaminated with stool or vomit and norovirus entering the mouth from consuming the food. In 2017, it was reported that a widespread infection of norovirus occurred from nori(cut dried seaweed) in the school lunch. Genetic analysis revealed that after the dried seaweed manufacturer vomited, the dried seaweed was manufactured without sufficiently washing the hands. The children who ate the dried seaweed about 3 months later, became infected. In this manner, it was confirmed that the norovirus can survive for very long periods of time even in a dry environment.<br/>
Additionally, there was also a case where norovirus infection occurred even without touching the vomit at all. This is a pattern where the regurgitated matter (virus) when vomiting is scattered as a mist and attaches to the pharynx and infection occurs when the virus is swallowed along with the saliva. There is also a pattern where dried vomit (virus) becomes airborne and attaches to the pharynx and is swallowed along with the saliva. In that respect, norovirus can also be transmitted by droplet infection or airborne infection.</p>
Additionally, there was also a case where norovirus infection occurred even without touching the vomit at all. This is a pattern where the regurgitated matter (virus) when vomiting is scattered as a mist and attaches to the pharynx and infection occurs when the virus is swallowed along with the saliva. There is also a pattern where dried vomit (virus) becomes airborne and attaches to the pharynx and is swallowed along with the saliva. In that respect, norovirus can also be transmitted by droplet infection or airborne infection.</p>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q3.</span><spanclass="q_text">In order to prevent the spread of infection, it is necessary to be self-aware. After using the restroom, what precautions are necessary?</span></p>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">Q3.</span><spanclass="q_text">In order to prevent the spread of infection, it is necessary to be self-aware. After using the restroom, what precautions are necessary?</span></p>
<pclass="answer">It is very important to not get any fecal matter (stool) on your hands in the first place. If it does not get on your hands, the cause of infection will not spread by adhering to door knobs, food or cookware.<br/>
<pclass="answer">It is very important to not get any fecal matter (stool) on your hands in the first place. If it does not get on your hands, the cause of infection will not spread by adhering to door knobs, food or cookware.<br/>
In my laboratory in 2017, there was a comparative experiment for the contamination of hands after defecating. First, the condition after defecating was simulated with model buttocks and artificial stool containing germs then a wiping test was conducted to see how much germs adhered to hands was investigated.</p>
In my laboratory in 2017, there was a comparative experiment for the contamination of hands after defecating. First, the condition after defecating was simulated with model buttocks and artificial stool containing germs then a wiping test was conducted to see how much germs adhered to hands was investigated.</p>
<pclass="mt20 mb20">Source：Shigeharu Oie, Hiromi Aoshika, Emiko Arita, Akira Kamiya. The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene in Experimental Model. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018 Volume 71 Issue 4 306-308</p>
<pclass="mt20 mb20">Source：Shigeharu Oie, Hiromi Aoshika, Emiko Arita, Akira Kamiya. The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene in Experimental Model. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018 Volume 71 Issue 4 306-308</p>
<pclass="answer"><span>Four layered sheets of toilet paper were used for wiping. This was based on the result of a survey conducted by the Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association that the largest number of people replied that they used "4 layers of sheets to wipe". The results were that germs were attached to the hands after wiping with four layered sheets of toilet paper. Toilet paper is full of infinite holes when viewed under a microscope. Because the size of the holes were about 100 times larger than the size of the germs, it was easy for the germs to pass through even when 4 sheets were layered.</span><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/ill07.jpg"width="264"height="263"alt=""/></p>
<pclass="answer"><span>Four layered sheets of toilet paper were used for wiping. This was based on the result of a survey conducted by the Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association that the largest number of people replied that they used "4 layers of sheets to wipe". The results were that germs were attached to the hands after wiping with four layered sheets of toilet paper. Toilet paper is full of infinite holes when viewed under a microscope. Because the size of the holes were about 100 times larger than the size of the germs, it was easy for the germs to pass through even when 4 sheets were layered.</span><imgsrc="../images/asking_expert/01/ill07.jpg"width="264"height="263"alt=""/></p>
<pclass="answer clear">At the same time, tests were conducted by wiping with 4 layered sheets of toilet paper after washing for 30 seconds using a spray seat to cleanse buttocks. The results were that after using a spray seat for 30 seconds, the number of germs attached to the hand was less than 10,000 times lower than when not used.</p>
<pclass="answer clear">At the same time, tests were conducted by wiping with 4 layered sheets of toilet paper after washing for 30 seconds using a spray seat to cleanse buttocks. The results were that after using a spray seat for 30 seconds, the number of germs attached to the hand was less than 10,000 times lower than when not used.</p>
<pclass="answer">Next, a test at the actual time of excretion was conducted. The results were that the number of germs attached to the hand was about 10 times less than people who did not use the spray seat. When a spray seat is used, the risk of infection will be reduced to about 90%. Although there are individual differences such as usage, the use of a spray seat can reduce the number of germs attaching on hands and can be said to be extremely effective in preventing intestinal infections.</p>
<pclass="answer">Next, a test at the actual time of excretion was conducted. The results were that the number of germs attached to the hand was about 10 times less than people who did not use the spray seat. When a spray seat is used, the risk of infection will be reduced to about 90%. Although there are individual differences such as usage, the use of a spray seat can reduce the number of germs attaching on hands and can be said to be extremely effective in preventing intestinal infections.</p>
Sanyo-Onoda City University, Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo Healthcare University, Guest Professor, Postgraduate School. FY2012 Chairman Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Environmental Infectious Diseases. Specializes in investigating the causes of nosocomial infection and hygiene management in hospitals. He is endeavoring to producing guidelines, etc., for administrative organizations such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare and has authored "Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization", "Book on Disinfection and Sterilization that can be used in Hospital Wards" and "How to choose and use disinfectants".</p>
Sanyo-Onoda City University, Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tokyo Healthcare University, Guest Professor, Postgraduate School. FY2012 Chairman Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Environmental Infectious Diseases. Specializes in investigating the causes of nosocomial infection and hygiene management in hospitals. He is involved in producing guidelines, etc., for administrative organizations such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare and has authored "Guidelines for disinfection and sterilization", "Book on Disinfection and Sterilization that can be used in Hospital Wards" and "How to choose and use disinfectants".</p>
When microorganisms from feces adhere to your hands and fingers...</span></p>
When microorganisms from feces adhere to your hands and fingers...</span></p>
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It is known that microorganisms attached to the hands and fingers during defecation can cause intestinal infections if they enter the mouths of other humans via food or environment. Various intestinal infections such as norovirus gastroenteritis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A may occur.<br>
It is known that microorganisms attached to the hands and fingers during defecation can cause intestinal infections when they enter the mouths of other humans via food or environment. Various intestinal infections such as norovirus gastroenteritis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A may occur.<br>
For example, a food handler with subclinical norovirus infection (infected but asymptomatic) attached the norovirus when inspecting bread and as many as 1,271 students who ate the school lunch bread developed norovirus gastroenteritis (Illustration 1.).
For example, a food handler with subclinical norovirus infection (infected but asymptomatic) spread the norovirus when inspecting bread and as a result, many as 1,271 students who ate the school lunch bread developed norovirus gastroenteritis (Illustration 1.).
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<p>Illustration 1.Insufficient Hand Washing after Defecation Caused 1,271 Cases of <br>Norovirus Gastroenteritis.</p>
<p>Illustration 1.Insufficient Hand Washing after Defecation Caused 1,271 Cases of <br>Norovirus Gastroenteritis.</p>
<pclass="left_ttl ft13">In regards to the number of sheets of toilet paper, it is understood that most people wipe with four layers of toilet paper after defecation (Graph 1. Illustration 2.).</p>
<pclass="left_ttl ft13">In regards to the number of sheets of toilet paper, it is understood that most people on average wipe with four layers of toilet paper after defecation (Graph 1. Illustration 2.).</p>
<pclass="left_ttl ft13">However, microorganisms in feces can easily pass through four layers. This is because even with four layers, there are many holes that are about 100 times the size of bacteria (Figure 1).</p>
<pclass="left_ttl ft13">However, microorganisms in feces can easily pass through four layers of folded toilet paper. This is because even with four layers, there are many porous openings that are about 100 times the size of bacteria (Figure 1).</p>
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<p>Figure 1. Microscope photo of 4 layers of toilet paper (35x)<br>
<p>Figure 1. Microscope photo of 4 layers of toilet paper (35x)<br>
There are many holes about the size of 0.1mm in diameter (about 100 times the size of bacteria).
There are many porous openings about the size of 0.1mm in diameter<br>(about 100 times the size of bacteria).
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">2.</span><spanclass="q_textleft">Bacteria attached to your hands and fingers after defecation are significantly reduced <br>by using the toilet's cleaning function!</span>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">2.</span><spanclass="q_textleft">Bacteria attached to your hands and fingers after defecation are significantly reduced <br>by using the toilet's bidet function!</span>
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It was discovered that using the toilet's buttocks cleaning function significantly reduced the bacteria contaminating the hands and fingers after defecation compared to not using the function (Oie et al. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018, Oie et al. Journal of Water Health 2022).
It was discovered that using the toilet's bidet function significantly reduced the bacteria contaminating the hands and fingers after defecation compared to not using the function (Oie et al. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018, Oie et al. Journal of Water Health 2022).
First, a wiping test using a model of buttocks and artificial feces mixed with Serratia bacteria to simulate the condition after defecation to determine how much bacteria would adhere to hands was conducted. The results showed that when the buttocks cleaning function was used, the number of germs on hands was less than 1/10,000 times lower than when not used (Figure 2).
First, a wiping test using a model of buttocks plus artificial feces mixed with bacteria was used to simulate the condition after defecation to determine how much bacteria would adhere to hands. The results showed that when the bidet function was used, the number of germs on hands was less than 1/10,000 times lower than when not used (Figure 2).
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<b>Figure 2. Culture Comparison Example - Color red indicates Serratia bacteria</b>
<b>Figure 2. Culture Comparison Example - Color red indicates growth of bacteria<br><i>(Serratia marcescens)</i></b>
<pclass="answer">Next, with the cooperation of 32 nursing students, the number of bacteria on hands and hands and fingers after defecation was investigated depending on whether or not the buttocks cleaning function was used.<br> The results showed that the average value was 39,499 bacteria/hands and fingers when unused, and 4,146 bacteria/hands and fingers when used (Table 1). <br>Using the buttocks cleaning function reduced the number of bacteria contaminating hands to approximately 1/10. The duration and water pressure (high, medium, or low) for washing the buttocks were left up to each individual in this study.
<pclass="answer">Next, with the cooperation of 32 nursing students, the number of bacteria on hands and hands and fingers after defecation was investigated depending on whether or not the bidet function was used.<br> The results showed that the average value was 40,000 bacteria/hands and fingers when unused, and 4,200 bacteria/hands and fingers when used (Table 1). <br>Using the bidet function reduced the number of bacteria contaminating hands to approximately 1/10. The duration and water pressure (high, medium, or low) for washing the buttocks were left up to each individual in this study.</p>
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<p>Table 1. Microbial contamination of hands and fingers with and without the use of buttocks cleaning function<supclass="base_line">*1</sup></p>
<p>Table 1. Microbial contamination of hands and fingers with and without the use of bidet function<supclass="base_line">*1</sup></p>
<thcolspan="2"class="">Number of bacteria/hands and fingers</th>
<thcolspan="2"class="">Number of bacteria/hands and fingers</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt30">Gender</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt30">Gender</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt88">Water force of buttocks cleaning function</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt88">Water force of bidet function</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt100">Usage time of the buttocks cleaning function (seconds)</th>
<throwspan="2"class="wt100">Usage time of the bidet function (seconds)</th>
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<thclass="wt136">Buttocks cleaning function unused（cfu<sup>*3</sup>/gloves）</th>
<thclass="wt136">bidet function unused（cfu<sup>*3</sup>/gloves）</th>
<thclass="wt136">Buttocks cleaning function used（cfu<sup>*3</sup>/gloves）</th>
<thclass="wt136">bidet function used（cfu<sup>*3</sup>/gloves）</th>
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<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
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<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">3.</span><spanclass="q_textleft">Buttocks cleaning function contributes to improving public health</span></p>
<pclass="question clearfix"><spanclass="q_no">3.</span><spanclass="q_textleft">Bidet function contributes to improving public health</span></p>
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<pclass="answer">
In principle, hands should be thoroughly washed after defecation however, there are many instances where hands are not washed sufficiently or properly. Therefore, the buttocks cleaning function, which can greatly reduce adhesion of fecal-derived microorganisms to hands, can be said to aid hygiene of the hands and fingers (Illustration 3). If in the future the buttocks cleaning function proliferates throughout the world, it could greatly contribute to improving public health.
In principle, hands should be thoroughly washed after defecation however, there are many instances where hands are not washed sufficiently or properly. Therefore, the water spray function that cleans the buttocks, such as the bidet, which can greatly reduce adhesion of fecal-derived microorganisms to hands, can be said to aid hygiene of the hands and fingers (Illustration 3). If in the future the bidet function proliferates throughout the world, it could greatly contribute to improving public health.
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<p>Illustration 3. When the buttocks cleaning function is used, the number of bacteria on the hands and fingers is significantly reduced.</p>
<p>Illustration 3. When the bidet function is used, the number of bacteria on the hands and fingers is significantly reduced.</p>
<h2class="pngfix"><span>Health Research on Spray Seat</span></h2>
<h2class="pngfix"><span>Health Research on Spray Seat</span></h2>
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<p>Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association has contracted third party organizations to do research to acquire knowledge and evidence along with improving product development and educational activities. A paper of the research results will be introduced here.</p>
<p>Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association has contracted third party organizations to do research to acquire knowledge and evidence along with improving product development and educational activities. The research results will be introduced here.</p>
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<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Research on effects on health from using Spray Seat</h3>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Research on effects on health from using Spray Seat</h3>
<p>* In this study, the"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Bidet Toilet".</p>
<p>* In these studies,"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Bidet Toilet".</p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study03.html">Relationship between bidet toilet use and haemorrhoids and urogenital infections: a 3-year follow-up web survey -(Accepted form February 2018)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study03.html">Relationship between bidet toilet use and haemorrhoids and urogenital infections: a 3-year follow-up web survey -(Accepted form February 2018)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study01.html">Effect of Bidet Toilet Use on Pregnant Birth and Vaginal Flora in Pregnant Women-(Accepted from March 2013)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study01.html">Effect of Bidet Toilet Use on Pregnant Birth and Vaginal Flora in Pregnant Women-(Accepted from March 2013)</a></span></p>
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<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Microbiological research of spray water from the nozzle of spray seat</h3>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Microbiological research of spray water from the nozzle of spray seat</h3>
<p>* In this study, the"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Bidet Toilet Seat".</p>
<p>* In these studies,"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Bidet Toilet Seat".</p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study07.html">Effect of the Cleanliness of Spray Nozzle on the Concentration of Microorganisms in the Spray Water in Warm-Water Bidet Toilet Seats –(Accepted form May 2022)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study07.html">Effect of the Cleanliness of Spray Nozzle on the Concentration of Microorganisms in the Spray Water in Warm-Water Bidet Toilet Seats –(Accepted form May 2022)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study04.html">Microorganism levels in spray from warm-water bidet toilet seats: factors affecting total viable and heterotrophic plate counts, and examination of the fluctuations and origins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-(Accepted form October 2017)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study04.html">Microorganism levels in spray from warm-water bidet toilet seats: factors affecting total viable and heterotrophic plate counts, and examination of the fluctuations and origins of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-(Accepted form October 2017)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study02.html">Bidet toilet seats with warm-water tanks: residual chlorine, microbial community, and structural analyses-(Accepted form July 2015)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study02.html">Bidet toilet seats with warm-water tanks: residual chlorine, microbial community, and structural analyses-(Accepted form July 2015)</a></span></p>
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<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Research on hand hygiene from using spray seat</h3>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Research on hand hygiene from using spray seat</h3>
<p>* In this study, the"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray".</p>
<p>* In these studies,"Spray Seat" is referred to as "Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray".</p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study06.html">Microbial contamination of hands with or without the use of bidet toilets (electric toilet seats with water spray) after defecation –(Accepted form December 2021)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study06.html">Microbial contamination of hands with or without the use of bidet toilets (electric toilet seats with water spray) after defecation –(Accepted form December 2021)</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study05.html">The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/health_research/study05.html">The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene
<br>
<br>
in Experimental Model -(Accepted form March 2018)</a></span></p>
in Experimental Model -(Accepted form March 2018)</a></span></p>
<pclass="mt10">The explanation by the researcher who studied on the benefits of spray seats use and hand hygiene is shown here.</p>
<pclass="mt10">The explanation by the researcher who studied the benefits of spray seats use for hand hygiene is shown here.</p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/asking_expert/02.html">Explanation of Research Results by Researchers Specializing in the Prevention, Disinfection, and Sterilization of Infectious Diseases</a></span></p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/asking_expert/02.html">Explanation of Research Results by Researchers Specializing in the Prevention, Disinfection, and Sterilization of Infectious Diseases</a></span></p>
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<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Risks of Infection and Measures Against Intestinal Infections (mainly norovirus) in Restrooms</h3>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix">Risks of Infection and Measures Against Intestinal Infections (especially norovirus) in Restrooms</h3>
<pstyle="margin-top: 15px;">Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association had an interview with an expert, one of Japan's leading authorities in prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases, and asked about hand hygiene and prevention of intestinal infections.</p>
<pstyle="margin-top: 15px;">Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association had an interview with an expert, one of Japan's leading authorities in prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases, and asked about hand hygiene and prevention of intestinal infections.</p>
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/asking_expert/01.html">Asking an expert in prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases,
<p><spanclass="link_type_b"><ahref="/global/asking_expert/01.html">Asking an expert in prevention, disinfection, and sterilization of infectious diseases,
risks of infection and measures against intestinal infections (mainly norovirus) in restrooms.</a></span></p>
risks of infection and measures against intestinal infections (especially norovirus) in restrooms.</a></span></p>
<pclass="mb20 mt10">Source：Shigeharu Oie, Hiromi Aoshika, Emiko Arita, Akira Kamiya. The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene in Experimental Model. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018 Volume 71 Issue 4 306-308</p>
<pclass="mb20 mt10">Source：Shigeharu Oie, Hiromi Aoshika, Emiko Arita, Akira Kamiya. The Use of Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray Is Efficacious in Maintaining Hand Hygiene in Experimental Model. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease 2018 Volume 71 Issue 4 306-308</p>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix mb30">Research on hand hygiene from using spray seat</h3>
<h3class="blueText01 pngfix mb30">Research on hand hygiene from using spray seat</h3>
<pclass="title_add">* In this study, the "Spray Seat" is referred to as "bidet toilets (Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray)".</p>
<pclass="title_add">* In this study, "Spray Seat" is referred to as "bidet toilets (Electric Toilet Seats with Water Spray)".</p>
